The given link shows us an instance of ARC4, or the stream cipher version of the encryption scheme RC4. I do know beforehand that RC4 is deprecated because of some vulnerabilities, and there are no other apparent weakness to the way that the plaintext is generated from the ciphertext and iv. Also note that, as this is a symmetric stream cipher, encryption and decryption is the same xor operation on the keystream generated.
Searching on Google for SNAP RC4 takes us to the Fluhrer, Mantin and Shamir attack, which is taking advantage of the invariance in the Key Scheduling Algorithm to reconstruct the key from the eavesdropping encrypted messages. This enables attacks on the WEP, the security algorithm for 802.11 wireless networks. The SNAP refers to the fact that the first byte of the WEP SNAP header is known, an attacker can derive the first byte of the keystream. The paper which covers the mathematical details can be found at this link.
Again, same as other solution on Cryptohack, I borrow the script from FMS-Attack on Github. As the full output of the decrypted plaintext (or effectively ciphertext), we can specify the plaintext as the null byte to get the key stream without the xor operation. The form of the IV is A + 3, 255, X, where A is the number of bytes in the secret key that we know (initially A = 0), and X is some random value in the range from 0 to 255.
To somewhat understand the script, I don't think there is any way other than reading the paper and pondering for a bit on how it works. There are some terms that may confuse you (word in the paper is byte in my script). Also the script is not using encoded strings, so I have to modify it a bit. Other than this, there are a few things that needs to be tweaked as well, but should be easy if you understand the idea of the attack. I would suggest testing the RC4 code with pycryptodome ARC4 before trying to implement the FMS attack - in case there is some implementation difference.
Python Implementation:
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from Crypto.Cipher import ARC4 import requests import json
def swapValueByIndex(box, i, j): temp = box[i] box[i] = box[j] box[j] = temp
# Initialize S-box.def initSBox(box): if len(box) == 0: for i in range(256): box.append(i) else: for i in range(256): box[i] = i
def ksa(key, box): j = 0 for i in range(256): j = (j + box[i] + key[i % len(key)]) % 256 swapValueByIndex(box, i, j)
def prga(plain, box, keyStream, output): i = 0 j = 0 # Loop through every byte in plain text. for i in range(len(plain)): i = (i + 1) % 256 j = (j + box[i]) % 256 swapValueByIndex(box, i, j) keyStreamByte = box[(box[i] + box[j]) % 256] outputByte = plain[i - 1] ^ keyStreamByte keyStream += bytes([keyStreamByte]) output += bytes([outputByte]) return (keyStream, output)
box = []
# for A in range(keylength):ciphertext = b'\x00'.hex()
A = 0
key = [None] * 3# key = [36, 255, 255, 99, 114, 121, 112, 116, 111, 123, 119, 49, 82, 51, 100, 95, 101, 113, 117, 49, 118, 52, 108, 51, 110, 116, 95, 112, 114, 49, 118, 52, 99, 121, 63, 33, 125]
# Very slow, around 1-2 hrs for the flag. Do something else or improve this by using some parallel programming!for A in range(35): prob = [0] * 256 for k in range(256): iv = bytes([A + 3]) + bytes([255]) + bytes([k]) iv = iv.hex() r = requests.get('https://aes.cryptohack.org/oh_snap/send_cmd/' + ciphertext + "/" + iv) key_stream = int.from_bytes(bytes.fromhex(json.loads(r.text)['error'].split(': ')[1]), byteorder='big') j = 0 initSBox(box) key[0] = A + 3 key[1] = 255 key[2] = k
for i in range(A + 3): j = (j + box[i] + key[i]) % 256 swapValueByIndex(box, i, j) # Record the original box[0] and box[1] value. if i == 1: original0 = box[0] original1 = box[1] i = A + 3 z = box[1] # if resolved condition is possibly met. if z + box[z] == A + 3: # If the value of box[0] and box[1] has changed, discard this possibility. if (original0 != box[0] or original1 != box[1]): continue keyByte = (key_stream - j - box[i]) % 256 prob[keyByte] += 1 # Assume that the most hit is the correct password. higherPossibility = prob.index(max(prob)) key.append(higherPossibility) print(key)
print(bytes(key[3:]))There are also ways to improve the performance of the script. Credit to ciphr on Cryptohack for this multithreaded solution.
xdef get(a, c): b = 255 nonce = bytes([a,b,c]).hex() ciphertext = "00"
ret = requests.get(f"http://aes.cryptohack.org/oh_snap/send_cmd/{ciphertext}/{nonce}/").json()
cmd = (ret["error"]).split(":")[1].strip() return [a,b,c,int(cmd, 16)]
logger = log.progress("🏴") flag = ""A = 0p = Pool(50)while "}" not in flag: # harvest data for the flag byte a = A+3 data = p.map(partial(get, a), range(255)) for d in data: rows.append(d)
.. .. (from the script) ..
flag = "".join([chr(x) for x in key[3:]]) logger.status(flag)
A += 1 # next flag byte